Pacemakers and defibrillators are implantable medical devices vital for millions of patients with arrhythmias. Like any electronic device, however, they may be affected by powerful electromagnetic fields, a phenomenon called electromagnetic interference. In practice, this means that the signal from an external source can “confuse” the implantable device by temporarily disrupting its operation.
How common is it?
In recent years, with the progress of technology on both electronic devices and the pacemakers/defibrillators themselves, the risk is very limited. Modern devices have sophisticated filters and protection systems. However, in certain conditions, especially when a source with a strong magnet is placed very close to the implanted pacemaker/defibrillator, transient interference may occur.
Smartphones
Earlier studies have highlighted electromagnetic interference and possible disorder of pacemakers/defibrillators from mobile phones. Therefore, for years a safety distance of 15 cm between mobile and implantable devices was recommended. With the evolution of telecommunications networks (4G – 5G) and modern devices, the risk is practically negligible. However, with the appearance of powerful magnets in technologies such as Magsafe (iPhone), studies have shown that if the smartphone is placed on the skin just above the device, it can cause “magnetic function”, which temporarily changes the way the pacemaker operates or inhibits the treatments. For this reason, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that it is maintained at least 15 cm between the telephone and the defibrillator or the pacemaker. In addition, it is recommended to place the mobile on the ear on the opposite side of the device where the device has been implanted and to avoid the mobile phone in the front pocket of the chest.
Smartwatches και fitness trackers
Smart watches and fitness bracelets contain small magnets either in their straps or their chargers. These magnets, when they are very close to a pacemaker or implantable defibrillator, can theoretically affect their function by activating the special “magnetic function”. For this reason, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that a safety distance of about 15 cm be maintained.
However, the data from the newer studies are particularly reassuring. Studies that have tested modern Smartwatches models, such as Apple Watch and the Samsung Galaxy Watch, even in “extreme” scenarios of use, was not observed any clinically significant interference. In conclusion, patients with pacemaker or defibrillator can use smart watches safely, as long as they avoid direct contact with the skin above the point of implantation.
Headphones (Headphones – Airpods)
The headphones have small magnets that create sound. If placed on the chest, just a few centimeters from the device, they can cause interference. In practice, however, because they are used in the ears, they are not a problem. It is recommended that their headphones or case are not stored in a pocket just above the pacemaker.
Laptops και tablets
Laptops and tablets contain magnets that, if placed very close to a pacemaker or defibrillator, can cause transient interference with their operation. Incidents have been reported where their use on the chest, especially in a supine position, activated the “magnetic function” of the device. For this reason, patients with pacemaker or ICD should use laptops and tablets on a table or base and avoid direct contact with the chest.
Security Systems – Metal Detectors
Airports and shops use metal detection gates or anti -theft systems. Studies show that passage from the gates does not cause a problem, as long as it is done at a normal rate. Rarely, if one stands still for a long time in the field, there may be interference.
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and home appliances
Modern wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) have been extensively studied and are considered safe for patients with pacemaker or defibrillator in normal use. The same is true for most home appliances, such as microwave ovens, televisions, electric kitchens.
Conclusion
Electromagnetic interference is an existing phenomenon, but nowadays, with technological progress, the risk is very low. Modern pacemakers and defibrillators have protection systems that make them safe in everyday use. With a little care and simple instructions, patients can use mobile, computers and most electronic devices without fear.
Proper information and regular monitoring by the Cardiologist-Arrhythmologist ensure that technology continues to provide safety and quality of life, without unexpected.
Writes Stylianos Jay, Cardiologist, MD, Phd, Fehra, Director Adult Cardiology Clinic, MITERA Hospital